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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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CIHM/ICMH 

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Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


^ 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Nota*  tacliniquaa  at  bibliograpiiiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
originai  copy  avaiiabia  for  fiiming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  iray  ba  bibliographicaiiy  uniqua. 
which  may  aitar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantiy  change 
tha  uauai  mathod  of  fiimir.g,  ara  chacicad  balow. 


D 


□ 
D 


D 


Coiourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  couiaur 


|~1   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagta 

Covara  ravtorad  and/or  iaminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataur^a  at/ou  paiiicuite 

Covar  titia  missing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


I    "^   Coiourad  maps/ 


Cartas  gAographiquas  an  couiaur 


□    Coiourad  inic  (i.a.  othar  than  biua  or  biacic)/ 
Encra  da  couiaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  biaua  ou  noira) 

□   Coiourad  platas  and/or  illuatrations/ 
Pli 


D 


Planchas  at/ou  illustrationa  an  couiaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RaiiA  avac  d'autras  documants 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  reliura  sarr6a  paut  causar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marga  intiriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibia,  thasa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainas  pagas  blanchas  ajouttes 
lors  d'una  restauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxta, 
mais,  lorsqua  ca'.'.  itait  possibia.  ces  pagas  n'ont 
pas  AtA  filmAas. 

Additional  commants:/ 
Commantairas  supplAmantaires: 


Tha 
toti 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilmi  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  poaaibia  da  aa  procurar.  Laa  dAtaila 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  aont  paut-Atra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibiiographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifiar 
una  imaga  raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normals  da  filmaga 
aont  indiquAs  ci-daaaoua. 


|~~|   Coiourad  pagas/ 


D 


Pagas  da  couiaur 

Pagas  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagAaa 

Pagas  raatorad  and/oi 

Pagas  rastaiirAas  at/ou  pall!culAaa 

Pagas  discolourad,  stainad  or  foxat 
Pagas  dAcolorAas,  tachatAas  ou  piquAaa 

Pagas  datachad/ 
Pagas  dAtachAas 

Showthroughy 
Transparanca 

Quality  of  prir 

QualitA  InAgala  da  I'lmprassion 

Includas  supplamantary  matarii 
Comprand  du  matArial  supplAmantaira 

Only  adition  avaiiabia/ 
Saula  Adition  diaponibia 


|~~|  Pagas  damagad/ 

I — I  Pagas  raatorad  and/or  Iaminatad/ 

r~^  Pagas  discolourad,  stainad  or  foxad/ 

I     I  Pagas  datachad/ 

r~1  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varias/ 

I      I  Includas  supplamantary  matarial/ 

I — I  Only  adition  avaiiabia/ 


The 
pos 
oft 
film 


Ori{ 

beg 

the 

sior 

othi 

first 

sior 

oril 


The 
shal 
TIN 
whi 

Mar 
diff( 
enti 
begi 
rlgh 
reqi 
met 


Pagas  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  hava  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pagaa  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  una  pelure, 
etc..  ont  AtA  filmAes  A  nouveau  da  fapon  A 
obtanir  la  maiiiaure  image  possible. 


This  ivem  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  chacited  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  da  rAduction  indiquA  ci-dassous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6nArosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  6t4  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettnti  de  Texemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  paga  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant 
par  Ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  selon  Ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniftre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symbols  —►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ".  Ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
film6s  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

tp 


.  \ 


i/7^ 


T  II  E 


Discovery  of  the  Mississippi 


A    BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    ACCOUNT 


With   a   Fac-Simile   or  the   Map   of   Louis   Jolikt,  1674 


DY 


APPLETON    P.  C.  GRIFFIN 


TO  WHICH  IS  APPENDED  A   NOTE  ON   THE    JOI.H-.T  .\r.ir  nV  /?.    E.  DE   COSTA,   D.D. 
WITH  A  SKETCH  OF  yOUTJiL'S  MAPS. 


Reprinted  from  the  Magazine  of  American  History, 
March  and  April,  1S83. 


NEW  YORK 
A.  S.  BARNES   &    CO. 

18S3 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL    ACCOUNT   OF    THE    TRAVELS     OF     NICOI.ET,    ALLOUEZ,    MARQUETTE 
HENNEPIN,  AND    LA    SALLE    IN    THE   MISSISSIPPI    VALLEV 

The  pioneer  of  French  travellers  to  the  country  west  of  the  great  lakes,  and  the 
first  white  man  who  is  reputed  to  have  reached  a  northern  tributary  of  liie  Mississippi, 
was  Jean  Nicolet,  wlio  in  1634,  or  thereabouts,  made  treaties  witii  the  Indians  at 
Green  I?ay,  and  ascended  l''ox  River. 

The  "Relation  dc  ce  ipii  s'est  passe  en  la  Novvelle  France,  1640,"  Paris,  1641, 
gives  the  earliest  indication  of  this  voyage,  and  a  summary  description  is  given  in  the 
Relation  of  1642-43.  These  reports  are  rei)rinted  in  the  "Relation  des  Jesuites," 
vol.  i.,  Quebec,  1858.  Margry's  "  Decouvertes  et  etablissements  des  Fran(,-ais,"  vol.  i., 
pp.  47-53,  contains  the  portions  of  the  above  which  refer  to  Nicolet,  and  a  translation 
of  the  account  in  tiie  Relation  of  1640  is  printed  in  Smith's  "  History  of  Wisconsin," 
vol.  iii.  Du  C'reux's  "  Historia  Canadensis,"  Paris,  1664,  gives  the  first  connected 
history  of  the  life  and  exploits  of  this  explorer.  A  translation  of  Du  Creux's  narra- 
tive if  appended  to  Huttertield's  "  History  and  Discovery  of  tiie  Northwest,  by  John 
Nicolet,"  Cincinnati,  1881. 

Shea  states,  in  his  "  Discovery  and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi,"  that  Nicolet 
descended  the  Wisconsin  to  the  Mississippi.  This  opinion  was  adopted  by  Paikman 
in  his  "Jesuits  in  North  America,"  p.  166,  but  his  later  judgment  is  given  in  the 
"Discovery  of  the  Great  West."  A  more  careful  examination  of  the  evidence 
demonstrates  the  improbability  that  his  travels  extended  farther  than  the  Wisconsir-., 
aid  in  the  opinion  of  Butterfield,  the  latest  writer  upon  this  voyage,  he  did  not  reach 
that  river,  but  stopped  at  tlie  country  of  the  Mascoutins  upon  Fox  River. 

lienjamin  Sult6,  a  Canadian  historical  writer,  in  writing  upon  Nicolet,  in  his 
"Melanges  d'Histoire  et  de  Litt6rature,"  Ottawa,  1876,  shows,  for  the  first  time, 
that  this  journey  was  probably  made  in  1634,  instead  of  1638  or  1539,  as  before 
thought. 

Suite's  article,  with  notes  by  L.  C.  Draper,  is  printed  in  the  "  Wisconsin  Historical 
Society  Collections,"  vol.  viii.,  pp.  .S8-194;  also  in  the  "Canadian  Anticpiarian," 
vol.  viii.,  PI).  157-164. 

Butterfield,  who  has  carefully  investigated  the  records,  agrees  with  Suite  in  as- 
signing 1634  as  the  true  date,  and  brings  out  additional,  if  not  conclusive  evidence 
to  support  this  theory,  in  his  monograph  cited  above.  Margry,  in  the  "  Journal  de 
ITnstruction  pnblique,"  1862,  under  the  caption,  "  Les  Normands  dans  les  V'allees 
de  rOhio  et  du  Mississipi,"  describes  Nicolet's  travels  and  Gravier's  "  Decouvertes 
et  etablissements  de  La  Salle;"   Harrisse's  "Notes  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire   [etc.]  de 


IVHOVKkV    OK    IIIK   MlSSlSSiri'l 


la  Nouvclle  France,"  aiul  I'aikii.Aii's  "  l.a  S.illc,"   also  give  some  acroiiiU  of  tlie 

cxpeililion. 

Ill  164.',  Joi^iU's  and  R.iyniluiilt.  two  missionaries,  ixMietrat.'d  as  far  west  as 
S.uilt  Sie.  Marit"  at  the  oiuKt  ol"  Lake  Superior.  See  account  of  'his  mission  in  the 
Jesuit  RrlalioM  of  164^.  Margry's  Collection,  vol.  i.,  pp.  45-47,  cont.iins  a  repiml 
of  the  nairaliveof  this  journey.  See  also  Shea's  Cliailevoi.v,  vol.  i.,  p.  1 JJ,  for  notice 
of  the  uiulertaking. 

'I'he  next  recorded  visit  to  the  West  is  (hat  of  two  iMench  traders,  who  wintered 
upon  the  .horcs  of  Lake  Superior  in  1O5S.  See  the  Je.nit  Relation  of  it,59-6o,  and 
the  extract  in  Margry's  Collection,  vol.  i.,  pp.  .S.?-55.  iH"!  translation  m  Simlirs 
Wisconsin,  vol.  iii.,  p.  20.  l''alner  .\IL-naid  hegan  a  mission  at  St.  'riieresa  li.iy, 
L.ake  Superior,  in  1661.  See  Lallemanfs  letter  in  the  Relation  of  i(>G2-(>,].  \ 
transl.ition  of  this  letter  is  in  Sunth's  Wisconsin,  vol.  iii.  See  also  I'eriot's  "Me- 
moire  sur  les  imenrs  des  s.iuvages,"  I'aris,  iS(.4;  She.i's  Charlevoix,  vol.  i.,  p.  49, 
and  a  note  by  Shea  in  JlistoridU  Ma-azinc,  vol.  viii.,  p.  17.V  Menard's  letter, 
written  just  before  his  departure  for  Lake  Superior,  with  notes  by  E.  U.  Neill,  may 
be  found  in  the  "Afinnesota  Historical  .Society  Collections,"  vol.  i.,  \.\\  i.5.S-'38. 

In  1 61.5,  Clauile  Alloiie/,  another  missionary,  began  a  mission  at  Chegoiinegon, 
Lake  Superior.  See  the  journal  of  his  travels  in  Lc  Mercier's  Relation  of  1666-67,  a 
translatioii  of  which  is  in  Smith's  Wisconsin,  vol.  iii.  NLinpiettc  took  charge  of  this 
misMon  in  1669,  and  Alloiie/,  went  to  the  Uaie  des  I'uantes  (Oreen  Hay),  and  in 
1670  made  a  visit  to  the  Mascoutins  on  I'ox  River.  ILirrisse  thinks  he  crossed  to 
the  Wisconsin  at  this  time.  Li  reporting  his  operations,  Alloiie/,  describes  the 
"Messi-sipi  "  from  information  given  by  the  hidians.  See  Dablon's  Relation  of 
i66y-/u,  1     100.     Translation  in  Smith's  "  Wis(-onsin,''  vol.  iii. 

Alloiie/  si-ent  many  years  among  the  Lidians  upon  (Jreen  I'.ay,  and  in  the 
Illinois  country.  See  the  Jesuil  Reliiions  covering  the  years  1669-79.  The  full 
titles  of  these  Relations  are  given  in  chronological  order  in  Harrisse's  "  N'otes  pour 
servir  a  I'llistoire  [etc.]  de  la  Xouvelle  France."  Dr.  Shea  printed  in  the  Cranioisy 
series  the  abridged  Relations  for  1672-79,  and  .Martin's  "Mission  duCan.ida"  prints 
them  for  the  first  time  in  full.  Sliea  gives  a  life  of  Alloiie/  in  his  "  I")is<,overy  and 
Kxiiloration  of  the  Mississippi."  See  also  notes  upon  him  in  Ahugrv's  Decouvertes, 
etc.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  57-72  ;  also  in  Bancroft,  in  Shea's  Charlevoix,  vol.  iii.,  and  in  Shea's 
"Catholic  Missions  in  the  L-nited  States."  Cravier  and  Parkman  also  give  some 
account  of  his  tra\els. 

In  June,  1671,  St.  Lusson,  in  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of  Lidians,  took 
possession  of  the  country  on  the  lakes  in  the  name  of  France.  Tlie  "  J'roces  verbal  " 
of  the  ceremony  is  in  Margry,  vol.  i.,  pp.  96  et  snj. 

I'errot,  a  noted  Canadian  ■•oya,!:;t'in\  in  1670-71  tavelled  along  i^'".  shores  of 
Creen  Day.  I'eriot's  journal,  which  records  the  daily  events  of  his  hie  among  the 
Lulia.is  from  1665  to  1726,  was  edited  for  the  first  time  at  I'aris,  in  1864,  by 
Father  Taiihan.     It  is  entitled  "  Memoires  sur  les  iiiueurs  et  coustumes  et  relligion 


DISCOVKRY   OK  THE   MISSISSIPPI 


s 


[sir]  (Ics  s:iiivagos  do  l'Aincri(iue  scptciUrioiiMe."  Taillian's  notes  add  value  to  the 
work.  See  lenardin-  I'eriol,  Sliea's  Charlevoix,  vol.  iii.,  p.  165,  and  Ihstomal 
j)/iii;iizint;  vol.  i\.,  \>.  205. 

A  (ieM  lii.lion  of  the  geography  of  I'-e  country  as  known  previous  to  the  explora- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  by  Joliet  and  A.^npielte  is  given  by  Dablon  in  the  "Kela- 
ti.,n  dc  la  .Nouvelle  I'lance.  les  annees  i  .70  et  1671,"  I'aris,  167.'.  See  the  Quebec 
rei.rint  in  "  Relation  des  Jesuites,"  vol.  ii,  'I'he  Relation,  as  printed  in  l67.^  gave 
a  map  of  the  great  lakes;  for  a  description  of  which  see  I'arknian's  "  l.a  Salle,"  [>. 

in  167?  Jac(iues  Marquette  and  I.onis  Joliet  navigatc.l  the  Mississippi  in  canoes 
to  the  Arkansas.  Father  MarciuettJs  narrative  of  the  voyage,  in  an  iini-erfect  lorm, 
was  imblished  by  Thevenot  in  his  "  Recueil  de  Voyages,"  Paris,  1681.  'rhevenot 
also  published  it  as  an  in.lependent  work,  with  the  title,  "  Voyage  et  deeouverte  de 
.luel-iues  pavs  et  nations  de  lAn.eri.iue  septentrionale."  In  this  latter  shape  it  was 
reproduced  by  Rich,  at  Paris,  in  184.S.  'I'l'^  "'-M'  accompanying  tins  version,  and 
which  is  inserted  in  facsimile  in  liancrofl,  is  said  not  to  be  by  Manpiette.  Ihe 
aud.entic  map  was  hrst  published  in  Shea  .  "  Uis.-overy  and  !•  xploration  of  the 
Mississippi,"  where  the  two  maps  are  compared.  The  Thevenot  text  appears  trans- 
lated in  Krench's  "llisiorical  Collections  of  Louisiana,"  pt.  2,  pp.  279-^97- -ii"' 
Spark's  "  Life  of  .M,u.|uette,"  in  the  "  Library  of  American  liiogiai-hy,"  vol.  x.,  is,  in  a 

measure,  a  translation  of  it.  .        ^   „    ,      ,.,      , 

Muquelte's  complete  journal,  preiKired  for  publication,  m  1678,  by  Claude 
Dablon,  Superior  ..f  the  Canadian  Missions,  remained  indited  until  Shea  published 
it  in  his  "Discovery  and  Kxi)lorati.m  of  the  Mississii.pi,"  New  York,  iS.S.'v  t^'ving 
th.-  oii.;iMal  text  and  a  translation.  This  version,  known  as  the  SU.  Mam-  text,  was 
reprinted  in  1855,  with  imi.ortant  annotations,  by  Shea,  under  the  title,  "  Recit  des 
voyages  ct  des  decouvertes  du  R.  1'.  J.  .Marquette,  en  lannee  .67,?,  et  aux  suivantes ; 
la  .ontinuation  de  ses  voyages  par  C.  AUoiie/,,  et  le  journal  autographe,  du  1 
Marquette  en  .674  -t  .675."  [Albanie  :  linprimerie  de  VVeed,  Parsons  ■■'.  1.k-.| 
,8s.S  (10),  169  (2),  pp.  Map,  .2mo.  ^hlrtin■s  "Mission  du  Canada,  Relations 
inOdites  (1672-1679),"  vol.  ii.,  contains  a  modified  version  of  the  Sh:  i\i<Jru-  text. 
Hennepin's  spurious  "  Xew  Discovery,"  London,  169S  and  1699,  has,  as  an  api-en- 
dix   a  i>oor  translation  of  the  Thevenot  production. 

'johet,  while  on  his  way  to  Montreal  to  report  his  discoveries,  lost  Ins  mcnioranc  a 
and  m  ips.  1  b,-  was  enabled,  however,  to  draw  up  a  brief  recital  from  meiiioiy,  which, 
Willi  a  map,  he  presented  to  l'"ronteiiac  in  1674. 

Two  versions  of  this  narrative  are  printed  in  Margry's  Collection,  vol.  1.,  pi..  259- 
270.  Dablon  despatched  to  his  Superior  at  Paris  an  account  .lerived  from  Johet  s 
verlul  tesiimonv,  which  m.ay  be  found  printed  in  .Martin's  -  Mission  dii  Canada, 
vol  i  pp  i<r,-204.  A  tianslation  is  given  in  the ///■.>■/,);•/<•<?/  .l/i?A-"=""'.  ^'ol-  V-,  l'l>- 
.-7-^',.,  A 'letter  sent  bv  loliet  from  Qucbue,  October  10,  i(.74,  I'netly  recounts 
his  late  adventures.   It  may  be  found  in  ILirrisse's  "  Notes  pour  .servir  a  nii.tone  [etc. J 


6  DISCOVI'.KY  OI'    I  III:  MISSISSIPPI 

do  la  \ouvfllo  rrancL',"  |>i'.  .!-'-'  :iii(l  ,;jj.  A  narriUivi-  based  upon  Jolicl's  loport 
is  a|>|)L'iKk'il  to  lli'iiiu'|)in's  "  New  I  )isi(ivfry,  "  I.oikIdh,  idgH. 

Jolict  iiKulc  sciL'ial  inaps,  .sliowiiij;  his  iliscovi'iiL-s,  only  one  of  \vliicl>  has  hi-cn 
fclitccl.  (iravior's  "  Ktiule  sur  line  carte  inconnuf,  la  iiri'inicre  dressic  par  L.  Jolict 
en  1674,"  contains  a  fai--siniili;  of  tho  map  in  (|ni'stion.  A  K'ttiT  from  tliL-  disovtMor 
to  I'lontcnic  is  ins(:iii)cd  upon  it.  (iravior  tonsidcrs  this  map,  appaix'iiily  with  good 
reason,  to  bo  the  uarlioat  re|>rcscntation  of  the  course  of  the  Mississippi  from  personal 
knoivlfdge. 

Frontenac's  letter  announcing  the  successful  result  of  Juliet's  mission  is  printed 
in  Margry,  vol.  i.,  p.  257,  and  a  translation  is  inserted  in  the  "New  York  Colonial 
1 )(» mnents,  "  vol.  ix.,  p.  1 1().  See  the  following  for  notices  of  Joliet :  I'aillon's  "  Ilistoire 
de  la  Colonic  fran(;aise  en  Canada,''  vol.  iii.  ;  I'erland's  "  Notes  sur  les  registrcs  de 
No'reDame  ;  "  Margry's  articles  in  the  A'<T7/c  Gi'iiuiii'mu;  December,  i>S7i,  January, 
March,  1872.  I''rcncli's  Historical  Collections,  second  series,  has  a  brief  biography. 
The  works  hereafter  cited  upon  the  history  of  the  discovery  of  the  Misbi:.sii)pi  neces- 
sarily include  a  history  of  the  Marcinette-Joliel  expedition. 

We  now  come  to  I. a  Salle,  llenneiiin,  and  'I'onty,  1669-87.  Margry's  ''Decoii- 
vertes  et  etablissenients  des  Fran^ais  dans  I'Ouest  et  dans  le  Sud  de  I'Ameriiiue 
siiptcntrionale,  1614-1698,"  Paris,  1879-81,  contains  the  documenls  which  the  editor 
collected  in  the  arihives  of  I'  ran..c  Tliii,  work  now  comprises  four  large  octavo  volumes, 
three  of  whicli  are  mainly  devoted  to  diHunienls  upon  l.a  Salle's  explorations.  'I'he 
conlentM  of  the^e  three  volumes  are  arranged  unilcr  the  following  heads  :  ire  partie, 
''  \'oyages  des  l''ran(,ais  sur  les  grands  lacs  et  Pecouverte  de  I'Ohio  et  du  Mississipi 
(1614-1684);"  2me  partie,  "I.ettresde  La  Salle;"  jine  partie,  "Recherche  des 
bouches  du  .Vlississipi  (1669-161)8)."  The  more  imporlant  of  these  papers  are  in- 
dicated hereafli'r  in  their  cliionological  t)rder.  'I'he  fourth  volume  ol  tl-.is  collection 
enibrno'S  the  documents  relaling  to  1)' Iberville's  colony,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, 1698-170?. 

In  1669  l.a  Salle,  accompanied  by  nollier  and  Oalline'.,  sel  out  from  Montreal 
to  discover  the  Mississippi.  They  proceeded  in  company  to  the  we.itern  extremity 
of  Lake  Ontario.  At  this  place  La  Salle,  jirofessing  illnjss,  parted  from  the  mission- 
aries, ostensibly  to  return  to  Montreal.  Dollicr  and  Ga'linee  continued  their  journey 
along  the  norihern  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  thus  taking  a  course  hitherto  untravelled, 
and  reached  Smilt  Sle.  Marie  in  .May,  1670,  h.aving  spjnt  the  winter  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Lrie.  Callinee's  journal,  entitled  "  Recit  de  r.e  ([ui  s'est  passe  de  plus  remar- 
quable  dans  le  voyage  de  MM.  Dollier  et  Callinee,"  is  printed  in  Margry,  vol.  i., 
pp.  1 12-166.  The  Abbe  l''aillon,  who  first  discovered  the  records  ol  this  journey, 
gives  a  synopsis  of  Callinee's  recital,  with  a  fac  simile  of  his  map,  in  the  third  volume 
of  his  "Histoire  de  la  Colonic  fran(,aise  en  Canada." 

O.  M.  .Marshall's  [lamphlet,  entitled  "The  first  Visit  of  La  Salle  to  the  Senecas," 
JJufifalo,  1874,  contains  a  textual  tr.anslation  of  this  document.  'I'he  Societe  historique, 
of  Montreal,  published   in    1875  an   edition   of  this  journal,  with  notes  by  the  Abbe 


DlSCOVl'.KY    OK   TIIK   MISSlSSItTf 


7 


Vctrcau.  Nlarpry  prints  in  his  (dllcciion,  vol.  i.,  ii|>,  ,j.|.'  .\ni,  a  narrativir  wliidi  lir 
calls"  Ri'cital  d'un  ami  du  I'AliUc  ilc  (inlliniL'.'  This  iniiixnts  to  In-  notis,  taken  liy 
the  writLT,  who  Maigry  thinks  was  the  Abhc  Runaiulot,  of  < Dnvcrsations  Ii.k!  with 
l.a  Salle  at  Paris  in  1678,  in  which  he  recuiinted  his  adveniiires  in  (.'unad.i  from 
1667  to  1O7S.  In  it  is  stated  that  alter  li'avint;  Doliier  and  (iallinee,  instead  of 
goin(5  to  Montreal  l.a  Salle  kejit  on  nntil  he  reached  the  Oliio,  and  hiter  went  to  tht; 
Mi-.sis',i|)|ii  liy  way  of  the  Illinois.  I'arknian  jirints  extracts  from  this  p.iiier  in  his 
"  Uiscovery  of  the  (Ireat  West,"  hut  does  not  credit  it  wholly  ;  he,  however,  admits 
that  l.a  S.dle  discovered  the  Ohio,  and  most  likely  the  Illinois.  It  is  upon  this  doc- 
ument, that  Margry  bases  his  claim  that  l.a  Salle  was  the  first  to  reach  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

The  followint,' writers  fake  issue  with  Margry:  I'.riU  ker,  "J.  Maii|netti'  ct  la  Decou 
verte  du  Mississipi,"  I.yon,  1.S80,  and  in  the  "  Ivtudes  religieuses,"  vol.  v.;   Ilarrisse, 
in  "Notes  pour  servir  a  ITlistoire  [etc. J  de  la  Nouvelle  I'lance,"  I'aris,  1873  ;   in  an 
article  entitled  "Ilistoire  critinue  de  la   Decouverte  ilu  Mississipi,"  in   the   A'f7uf 
niatitimi-  d  coIohmIc,  vol.  xxxii.,  pp.  642-663. 

Shea,  in  whom  .Margry  liiids  perhaps  his  luost  strenuous  opponent,  discusses  the 
(piestion  in  an  address  read  on  the  hi  centennial  of  .Marcpiette's  voyage,  published  in 
the  "Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Collections,"  vol.  vii.,  pp.  111-12^.  He  has,  how 
ever,  iiublished  a  pamphlet,  in  which  he  examines  the  matter  more  in  detail,  entitled 
"The  liursting  of  P.  Margrys  l.a  Salle  P.iibble,"  New  York.  1879.  Tailhan,  in  notes 
to  Perrot,  and  the  .\bbe  Verieail  in  his  edition  of  (lallinee's  journal,  also  refute  .Margry. 
Colonel  Whittlesey's  tract,  forming  No.  38  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society's 
))ul)lications,  entitled  "  Discovery  of  the  Ohio  by  l.a  Salle,  1669-70,"  is  a;-,  in(piiry 
upon  the  subject.  .Margry  jjresents  his  arguments  in  full,  in  articles  upon"l.es 
Normands  dans  les  vallees  de  I'Ohio  et  du  Mississippi,"  published  in  \.\w  Jour  mil 
gt'neral  tie  f  Insti  mtion  {'uhVunic,  Paris,  iS6j.  See  also  a  jiaper  by  him  in  the  Rex  lie 
marilime  et  colonitile,  vol.  xxxiii.,  pp.  555-559  ;  his  pamphlet,  "  I  .a  Priorite  de  La  Salle 
sur  le  .Mississi  i,"  Paris,  1873  ;  a  letter  in  the  Ameiiiaii  Aiiliqiiaiy,  vol.  i.,  pji. 
206-209,  Chief  o,  1S80,  and  in  remarks  in  the  preface  to  his  "  Decouvertes  et  etab- 
lissements  des  .  .•an(,ais,''  vol.  i. 

(liavier  in  his  "Decouvertes  de  l.a  Salle,"  Paris,  1870,  in  the  "  Compte  rendu 
of  the  Congres  des  AmCricanistes,"  1877,  pt.  i.,  i)p.  237-3i-'>  ''^"'l  "^  'l'"'=  Macazink 
OK  A.NtKRitAN  History,  vol.  viii.,  |).  305,  supports  the  Maigry  theory. 

In  August,  1679,  I-a  Salle  having  completed  his  arrangements  and  obtained  letters 
patent  from  the  king  for  another  attempt  upon  the  Mississippi,  set  sail  in  the 
C.riffon,  upon  Lake  Krie,  and  arrived  at  Michilliniackmac  about  two  weeks  later. 
The  Illinois  was  reached  in  Januar)',  1680,  but  owing  tc  adverse  circumstances.  La 
Salle  being  conrpelled,  for  want  of  supplies  and  i>ther  causes,  to  make  twice  the  jour- 
ney between  the  Illinois  and  Canada,  the  exploration  of  tl  ;;  Mississippi  was  not  ac- 
complidied  until  April,  1682.  The  adventures  of  La  .Salle's  jiarty  upon  the  great 
lakes  and  in  the  Illinois  country,  previous  to  the  voyage  down  the   Mississippi  in 


niM  o\    K\  (II    I  iih:  MISSISSIPPI 


j6Sj,  ,itf   rcKiiinicil   wiili  ininiili- dft.iil  in   tin- "  Rclaliim  des  Pcsroiivcrtcs  ct  di- 
Voyages  ilii  Siciir  ilc  l..i  >.illo,  i67.;-.Si,  "  printcil  in  Marjjry'.s  Cullcclion,  vol.  i.,  pi). 

4JS-594- 

Marjory  coiisiiIiTs  this  papir  to  he   tlii-   oD'iri.il  ri-port  drawn   up  hy  the   Abbti 

llcrnim  fiom  I,a  SuUl-'h  letters.     'I'hc  acroiiiit  of  the  journey  to  I'ort  L'revecujiir  in 

tf>79->So,  ^;i\en  in  this  narrative,  is  nearly  identical  with  the  description  of  the  same 

vo)age  in    llennepni's  "  I  )eMripliiin   de   li    l.onisiane."      lor  this   reason    Margry 

charges  Hennepin  witii  pl.igi.iry,  which  calls  out  a  defence  of  the  latter  liy  Shea,  in 

iiis  edition  of  Hennepin's   "Louisiana,"   where  the  two  narratives  are  compared. 

Menilire's  journal  in   I.e  t'lercci's  "  I'remier  I'.lalilissement  de  la  l''oy,"  Paris,  1691, 

which  is  reproduced  in  Imi^IiiIi  in  Shea's  "  hiscovery  and  l'!\ploration  of  tlic  Mis»is- 

nippi,"  and  Tonty's  .Memoirs,  which  will  be  more  liiily  described   farther  on,  also 

report  this  stage  of  the  e.sjilorations.     Hennepin's  spurious  "Nouvelle  Decouverte" 

also  contains  an   acidtml,  which  does  not  tliller  materially  frun>  tiiat  given  in  llio 

"Description  de  la  I  ouisiaiie." 

Mathieu  Sagcan,  who  ciaiined  to  have  beiii  with  I, a  Salle  in  1679-80,  dictated 
fiom  memory,  in  1701,  a  npiMt  of  iiis  adventures  in  Canada.  See  I'arkman's  I, a 
Salle,  p.  65S,  conccrninL,'  Sagean's  (iri'teiisions.  Shea  published  S.'igi-.in's  luirrative 
in  i80j,  will)  the  title,  "  IvMrait  de  la  Relation  des  avantures  et  voyage  ile  M. 
S."igcan." 

In  l''ebru.iry,  16S0,  Hennepin,  by  I.a  Salle's  orders,  set  out  from  Tort  Creve- 
cieur  for  the  upper  .Mississippi.  He  ascended  that  river  to  the  Sioux  country,  and 
tliscovered  St.  Anthony'.-.  I'alls.  Hennepin's  first  work,  "Description  de  la  l.oni- 
siane,'' I'aris,  168,},  relates  the  event:!  of  this  expedition,  ami  also  gives  an  account  of 
I.a  Salle's  jomiiey  from  Canada  to  the  Illinois  in  1679 -80.  Shea  gives  in  his  "  Dis- 
covery and  I'.xploiation  of  the  .Mi.ssissijipi "  the  portion  of  this  work  relating  the 
voyage  to  the  upi)er  .Mississippi.  Hennepin's  works  are  held  in  disrepute,  owing  to 
undoubted  plagiarisms  and  falsit'ications  which  i  haracteri/e  some  of  them.  Shea, 
however,  shows  in  the  prelace  to  his  edition  of  the  ''  I  )escription  of  Louisiana,"  New 
York,  1880,  that  this  charge  a])plies  only  to  the  "  .N'oiivelle  Decouverte"  and  "  Nou- 
veau  \'oyage,"  and  other  works  made  up  from  these  two  I^t,  ind  that  they  were  ))rob- 
ably  published  without  Hennei>in's  sanction,  rarkman  agrees  with  Shea  in  consid- 
ering the  "  Descrii>tioi.  de  la  Louisiane'  to  be  an  authentic  work. 

I'or  criticisms  upon  Hennepin,  see  S)>arks'  "  La  Salle  ;"  Parkman's  "  Discovery 
of  the  Creat  West  ; ''  Harrisse's  "  .Votes  ponr  servir  a  I'llistoire  [etc.]  de  la  Nouvelle 
I'rance,"  p.  145  ;  and  the  preface  to  Margry's  Decouvertes,  etc.  Shea's  early  judg- 
ment upon  Henne])in,  which  he  has  modified  as  indicated  above,  is  given  in  his  "  Dis- 
covery and  Lxploration  of  the  .Misbissippi.'  V..  I),  Neill,  in  a  i)amplilet  entitled  "The 
Writings  of  L.  Henneiiin,''  lately  imblished  by  the  Minnesota  Historical  .Society, 
dissents  from  Shea's  exculpation  of  Hennepin,  and  declares  that  no  evidence  has 
been  produced  to  clear  him  from  the  charge  of  jilagiary. 

The  bi  centenar)  of  Hennepin's  tliscuvery  of  St.  Anthony's   Falls  was  celebrated 


Dtscovr.Kv  or  mi"  Mississn-n 


l„l 
vo 

\I. 

;c- 
lul 
iii- 

of 
tis- 
llic 

to 
ca, 
c\v 
ou- 
oh- 
,ul- 

fry 

Dis- 
I'ho 
i-ty, 
luis 

Ucd 


ly  the  Minni'sota  Ilistoiital  Siuicty  in  1H80,  a.  il  tin-  prui  ei'dinni  on  the  cicrasion 
will  1)0  rciiDitoil  in  the  next  voliiino  of  its  collfiiioni'.  'i'iic  iu cDimt  of  a  iirclfiuU'd 
voy.ino  by  lli'iini'iiiii  down  llio  Mi',M^,Mii|)i,  taken  from  the  H|miioii-.  "  New  Discov- 
ery," London,  i6()8,  is  inserted  in  "  Ireiiili's  liisioric.il  ColUxtions,"  iurl  i.,  pii. 
195-323!  also  in  volume  one  of  the  "  Arelix-ologia  Americana,  '  imbliMied  by  ilie 
American  Antiiinarian  Society.  'I  he  litter  work  also  contains  an  account  of  I, a 
Salle' 11  last  voyage,  taken  from  the  same  unreliable  source. 

Shea's  eilition  of  lleiineiiin's  "  l.ouihi.iua"  contains  a  iiiblionin|iliy  oflhe  numer- 
ous memoirs,  issued  under  Hennepin's  name,  where  also  may  be  tound  a  lranslati<m 
of  l.a  Salle's  letter  of  August,  16S.',  tejiortiug  thevojage  on  the  upper  Mississi|i|ii, 
Dn  I.  hut,  who,  in  1679,  visited  the  Sioux  near  l.ake  Superior,  and  later  descended 
the  Si.  Croix  to  the  MississipjM  and  rescued  Hennepin  from  the  Sicnix,  gives  an  ac- 
count of  his  adventures  in  a  "  Memoire  sur  la  Decouuerte  dn  (lays  des  .Nadouecioux 
dans  le  Canada,"  which  is  printed  in  llarrisse's  Notes,  pp.  177-iSi,  and  translated 
in  Shea's  Hennepin. 

The  "  I'roces  verbal  de  prise  de  possession  de  la  I.ouisiane,  u  I'embouchnre  de 
la  mer  on  (lolphe  du  Mexi(iue,  y  avril,  1682,"  in  Margry,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  186-10.1, 
gives  the  principal  incidents  of  the  voyage  down  the  Missi?>ippi  from  ihe  Illinois. 
This  document  may  also  be  found  in  (iravier's  "  I.a  .Salle,"  and  iu  l•;n,L;li^h  in  Spail  s' 
"l.ile  of  I.a  Salle,"  also  in  l''rench's '•  Historical  Collections,"  part  i.,  and  widi  the 
title,  "Narrative  of  the  I'.xpedition  of  I.a  Salle  to  explore  the  ( Missi^Mppi)  CoIIhtI 
River,  in  i68.',''  iu  I'rencli's  Historical  Collections,  second  series,  pp.  i7-.'7,  New 
York,  1875. 

I.a  Salle's  letter,  written  at  the  junction  of  the  Misstmri  and  Mississippi  Rivers, 
jirinted  in  Margry,  vol.  ii..  pp.  if).t~iSo,  a  translation  of  which  is  given  in  Tut; 
Maiiazink  Of  A.mi;riian  llisiuuv,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  6  iy-6.'.',  describes  the  journey  to  tl;e 


Missiniri. 
The  pri 


verbal  of  the  act  of  taking  possession 

ano 


at  the  .Arkansas,  March  t,?  .nud 
stage  of  the  voyage.      .Membre's 


14,  1682,  in  Margry,  vol.  ii.,  !>.  181,  report 

journal  of  die  entire  expedition,  first  printed  in  I.e  Clercifs  "  Ktablisseinent  de  la  I'oy 


I'ari.s,    i6yi,   is   ie\)ruduce(l   in   I'.ivilisli   in 


Shea's  "Discovery  of  the  Mississippi.' 


Shea  has  lately  brought   out  an   Knglish  translation  of  I.e  Clerc(|  under  the  till 
"  I'irst  I''.stablishment  of  the  Faith  in  New 


France,"   New  Voik,  1S81,  t\ 


1-.  Svo. 


"  Nouvelle  Decouverle 


He  there  comp.ares  Membre's  narrative  with  Hennepin's 

"  .Nouvean  Voyage,"  and  also  |)oints  out  the  variations  between  it  anil  the  account 

published  by  Thomassy  in  his  •'  (leologie  prat 


de  la  I.ouisiane. 


Thomassy's  document  1 


titled,  "Relation  de  la  Di'couverte  de  rembouchure 


that  the  I.eClerci 


de  la  Riviere  .Mississipi."      Tarkman  considers  it  to  be  the  •'otficial  leporl   of  the  dis 
covery  made  by  I.a  Salle,  or  perhaps  for  him  by  Menibre,"  ami  saj  s 
narrative  is  based  uiion  it. 

ieh  Shea  replies,  that  it  "seems  strange  to  assume  that  the  fuller  document 


Ti 


Uiven  ly  I.e  Clercii  must  be  drawn  from  a  shorter  lorm. 


1 


10 


DISCOVKRV   OK   TIIK   MISSISSIPPI 


The  two  clocumcnts  arc  essentially  iileiitical,  and  alToid  tiustwortliy  data  njion 
the  voyage. 

Accoiding  to  Uoiniaie,  a  manuscript  copy  of  Meinbie's  journal  exists  in  the 
library  at  ISaton  RouL;e,  I.oui>iana. 

Henri  de  Tonty,  who  was  with  I.a  Salle  from  iCi7.S-8,5,  reports  the  explorations 
during  that  time,  in  a  memoir  written  at  Quebec  in  1684,  wiiich  is  publislied  for  the 
first  time  in  Margry,  vol.  i.,  pp.  571-616.  Another  narrative  liy  him,  entitled  "A16- 
moire  envoyo  en  1693  sur  ia  Decouverle  du  iMississipi,  par  de  I.a  Salle  en  1678,  et 
depuis  sa  mort  jiar  le  sieur  de  'I'onty,'  is  printed  in  its  integrity  in  iMargry's  "  Rela- 
tions et  M. 'moires  inedits,"  pp.  1-36,  Paris,  1867.  A  translation  of  it  is  included  in 
French's  "  Historical  Collections,''  part  i.,  pp.  5.1-83,  and  also  in  Falconer's  "  Mis- 
sissi|ipi,"  London,  1844.  These  two  memoirs  formed  the  basis  of  the  work  jiublished 
under  I'onty's  name,  but  which  he  ilisavorteil,  entitled  '■  Dernieres  ducouvertes  dans 
I'Ameriquc  septentrionale  de  M.  de  I.a  Salle,"  I'aris,  7697. 

This  work  was  rcproiluced  under  the  title  of  "  Relation  de  la  Louisianne"'  in  Ber- 
nard's '•  Recueil  de  voyages  an   Xoril,''  Amsterdam,  1720  anil  1724. 

An  English  translation  was  published  at  London  in  1698,  with  the  title,  ".\n  .Vc- 
count  of  La  Salle's  Last  Expedition  and  I)isco\eries,"  ami  is  reproduced  in  [lart  in 
the  New  York  Historical  Society  Collections,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  217-341. 

Parkmun  says  that  the  "  Dernieres  dt'couvcrtes"  is  "a  compilation  full  of  errors." 

AFargry  prints  in  vol.  i.,  i>p.  547-570,  of  his  Collection,  a  memoir  entitled  "  Recit 
de  la  descoiiverte  que  AL  ile  La  Salle  a  fliite  ile  la  rivii're  de  .Missi>sipi  en  1682." 
Tlie  author  of  the  paper  was  Nicolas  de  La  Salle,  who  wrote  it  in  1699,  at  the  re- 
([uest  of  the  French  authorities,  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  D'Iberville  in  his  search  for 
tiie  Mississippi.     Margry  says  that  the  writer  bore  no  relationship  to  the  discoverer. 

La  Salle's  memorial  of  16S4,  pro|)osing  an  expedition  to  the  Ciidf  of  Mexico, 
jninted  in  Alargry,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  1 7-30,  and  in  F'rench's  "Historical  Collections," 
part  i.,  lip.  37-44,  also  in  the  second  series  of  F'rench's  publication,  and  in  Falconer's 
"  AIi^^i^slppi,"  hrietlv  indicates  his  iliscoveries  up  to  that  time. 

The  Frencli  do(  unients.  collected  by  Ihodhead  in  the  archives  of  the  Departments 
of  ALuine  and  of  War,  and  printed  in  the  ninth  volume  of  the  "  Documents  relative 
tt)  the  Coloni;U  History  of  .\ew  York,"  Albaii)-.  1855,  include  olticial  correspond- 
ence which  reports  the  movements  of  the  explorers  frou)  time  to  time. 

Shea  promises  an  e  lition  of  a  journal  by  I'enalossa,  whii  h  will  show  the  merce- 
nary motives  which  nispired  La  Salle.  Alargry  |)rints  some  documents  v;oncerning 
I'efialossa's  pr>)po>itions  to  lead  a  party  of  buccaneers  from  St.  Domingo  to  unite 
with  I.a  Salle  in  an  attack  (ui  the  Siianish  mines  in  .\ew  Mexico. 


LA  SAi.1,1;  s  vovAc.i':   I'D   Till-: 


(ifl.K    (>l-    Mi:xiri>     AM)     ATrKMIT 
MISSISSIIMM — 1684-87 


TO    discovi:k   the 


In  1683  La  Salle  returned  to  France  and  presented,  in  two  memorials  to  the 
king,  jiropositions  for  an  exi>edition  to  coloni/.e  the  Mississippi,  and  take  possession 


DISCOVEUV    Of   THE   MISSISSIPPI 


I  1 


at 
tic 


of  llio  Spanish  mines  in  New  Afexico.  'I'lio  fust  inci;-,uiial,  wiiich  gives  a  brief  ac- 
count of  his  jirevious  achievements,  is  in  Margry's  Collection,  vol.  iii.,  iip.  l^-^o. 
A  translation  is  in  I'rench's  "Historical  Collections,"  part  i.,  jip.  37-44  ;  'I'^o  in  the 
seconil  series,  pp.  1-15,  of  the  same  publication,  and  in  Falconer's  "Mississippi." 
ri-.j  second,  which  dehnes  his  schemes  at  greater  length,  is  printed  in  Margry, 
vol.  ii.,  ]ip.  3S9-3C>9  ;  in  I'.nglish,  in  French's  "  Historical  Collections,'  part  i.,  pp. 
25-34.  The  accessory  otVicial  ilocmnenis  relating  to  various  features  and  stages  ol 
the  expedition  are  incliuled  in  the  second  and  third  volumes  of  Margry's  Collection. 
V,'e  h-'vr  two  narratives  by  members  of  this  expedition,  which  relate  ils  histoiy  from 
the  time  of  departure  fiom  I'rancc  down  to  and  after  the  death  of  I, a  Salle.  The 
fust  to  appear  in  ]>rint  was  Douay's,  which  was  [ndjlished  by  I.e  Clerci)  in  his 
"  Tremier  Kiablissemcnt  de  la  l''oy,"  Paris,  1691.  Shea  printed  a  translation  of  it  in 
the  ••  Discovery  and  Kxploration  of  the  Mississippi,'  \ew  N'ork,  1S53.  A  com- 
parison of  Douay's  jof.rnal  with  Joutel's  narrative  is  made  by  Shea  in  his  edition  of 
I.e  Clercq,  published  at  New  York  in  1S81. 

loutel,  who  seems  to  have  been  next  in  command  to  T.a  Salle,  kept  a  journal, 
which  is  published  for  the  first  time  in  its  integrity  in  Margry's  Collection,  vol.  iii., 
pp.  89-534.  -An  abridgetl  and  mo(ht'ied  version  of  this  narrative  was  publi>he( 
Paris  in  i7r3,  imder  the  title,  "Journal  historique  dii  dernier  \'oyage  ([ue  feu  .M 
I. a  Salle,  fit  dans  le  Colfe  du  M  .'xiciue."  Joutel  compl.iined  that  changes  were  made 
by  the  editor  in  retouching  the  work  for  publication.  'I'he  text  published  by  Margry 
is  much  fuller  than  the  piintcd  edition.  An  I'.nglish  translation  of  the  Paris 
production,  muier  the  title,  "Joiunal  of  the  Last  X'oyage  performed  by  M.  de  I,a 
Salle,"  etc.,  was  published  at  London  in  1714,  and  in  1719  anollier  edition  was 
brought  oiU  as  "Joutel's  Journal  of  his  Voyage  to  Mexico  and  Canada."  .\  leprint 
of  the  London  edition  is  printed  in  French's  "  Historical  Collections,  "  part  i.,  i>i>.  85- 
11)3.  An  eililion  in  Spanish  was  published  at  N'ew  York  in  1831,  with  the  title, 
"  Diario  hislorico  del  iiltimo  Viaje  ipie  M.  d  ■  La  Sale  hijo  para  descubrir  el  de:^em- 
bocadero  y  cur:.o  del  Mississipi."  Charlevoix  says  that  Joutel  was  the  most  reliable 
of  La  Salle's  followers  and  Parkman  thinks  that  he  "gives  the  impression  of  sense, 
intelligence,  and  candor  throughout,"  while  Donay,  in  the  hitler's  opinion,  did  not 
alwavs  write  honestly.  Jean  Cavelier,  an  older  brother  of  La  Salle's,  who,  alter  the 
hitter's  assassination,  escaped  to  C\auada  in  company  with  Joutel  and  Douay,  is 
said  to  have  drawn  up  a  report  of  the  efi)edition  for  .\L  de  Seignelay,  the  Minister 
of  Marine. 

Parkman  possesses  a  manuscript  which  lie  says  is  a  portion  of  the  first  draft  of 
this  report.  Dr.  Shea  edited  Parkinan's  document  under  the  title,  "Relation 
ihi  vovage  entrepris  par  (A\  AL  Robert  Cavelier,  sienr  de  La  Salle,  pour 
decouvrir  dans  le  golfe  du  Mexique,  rembouchure  du  lleuve  Je  Missisi|>y.  Par  son 
frere,  .\L  Cavelier"  ;\  ALinate  |  .\.  V.  |  185S,  54  pp.  161110,  and  printed  a  trans- 
lation in  his  collection  of  "  Early  Voyages  up  and  down  the  Mississippi,"  Albany, 
180.. 


,,  niSCOVF.RV  OF  THE  Mississim 

AFarcrv  fiives  i>.  his  Collection,  vol.  ii.,  V\-  5°>-5°9.  ^  Por'io"  "^  ^,  J""7^^'  ^'f 
bv  Cavclicr  Both  these  narratives  fron,  Cavelier's  pen  are  very  nnperfect,  the 
former  failing  for  the  latter  part  of  the  expedition,  and  the  journal  stops  before  the 
luidins:  in  Texas  I.a Salle's  assassination,  which  took  place  ni  .687,  was  witnessed 
bv  Douay,  who  gives  an  acconnt  in  his  journal.  Joutcl  relates  the  event  from  the 
testin.ony  of  ey.-witnesses,  and  Tonty  states  what  he  learned  from  the  survvors  of 
I  a  Salle's  i.artv.  See  also  "  Relation  de  la  niort  du  Sr.  de  La  Salle,  suivant  le  rap- 
port d'un  nonnne  Couture   a  ciui  M.  Cavelier  I'apprit  en  passant  aux  Akansas,'   m 

Alargrv,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  601-606.  ,      <■  , 

\  letter  written  by  La  Salle,  March  4.  '685,  erroneously  dated  at  the  n.outli  of  the 
Mississippi,  is  in  Margry,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  559-5^'3,  and  a  translation  is  appended  to  Shea  s 
.■l•uly^•oyages.■'  The  "  Proces  verbal  fait  par  La  Salle  avant  de  condmre  son 
frere  an  Missfssipi,  18.  avril  16S6,"  in  Margry,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  535-549-  relates  La  Salle's 
operations  in  Texas,  including  his  first  two  journeys  from  the  Texas  colony  to  lind 

the  .Mississii)pi  by  land. 

The  Svaniards,  in  1689,  visited  the  si.e  of  La  Salle's  colony,  and  made  prisoners 
of  the  survivors  whom  thev  found  among  the  Indians.  Two  of  these  captives  escaped 
to  I-rance,  and  their  testimony  in  regard  to  the  fate  of  the  colony  is  given  m  Margry, 

vol.  iii.,  pp.  610-621.  _      r     ,     I 

Parkman  cites  the  official  journal  of  this  Spanish  expedition,  which  is  inedited.  It 
is  entitled  "  Derrotero  de  la  Jornada  (pie  hi/.o  el  General  Alonzo  de  Leon  para  el  des- 
cubrimiento  de  la  i'.ahia  del  Kspuritw  Santo,  y  poblacion  de  Franceses."  Buckingham 
Smith's  "Coleccion  de  varios  documentos  para  la  historiade  la  Florida,"  pp.  25-2^^. 
contains  a  narrative  bv  a  member  of  the  Spanish  company,  entitled  "Carta  en  (pie  se 
da  noticia  de  un  vi.ije  hecho  a  la  IJahia  do  I'.spiritu  Santo,  y  de  la  poblacion  que  tcniaa 
ah  los  iManceses,"  which  is  also  inserted  in  French's  '-Historical  Collections,"  second 
series,  pp.  293-295.  liarcia,  in  his  "  Ensayo  chronologico  para  la  historia  general 
de  la  Florida,''  Madrid.  1723,  gives  an  account,  from  an  unknown  source,  which  is 
tr.uislated  in  Shea's  "  Discovery  of  the  Mississippi.'' 

This  closes  the  list  of  principal  con.jmporary  narratives  of  the  first  explorations 
by  the  French  of  western  territory.  :Margry-s  Collection  contains  many  documents 
of  minor  interest,  but  important,  which  liave  not  been  noted.     A  journal  by  Minet, 

the  engineer  who  returned  to  France  with  IJeaujean  m   -686,  in  .Margry,  vol.  u.,  pp. 

589-601,  and  Tonty's  "  I.ettres  sur  ce  (pi'il  a  ai^pris  .!e  La  Salle,  le  voyage  qu'il 

a  fait  pour  I'aller  chercher,"  16S6-16S9,  in  NLargry,  vol.  '.-  ,  pp.  SS'-S^M,  m»st,  how. 

ever,  be  mentioned. 


I 


DISCOVERY   OV   THE   MISSISSIPPI 

BlBLIOCKAPHICAI,  ACCOUNT— PART  II 


Charlevoix's  "  Histoire  et  Description  generale  ce  la  Noiivelle  France,"  Paris,  1 744, 
is  the  first  historical  work  of  value  to  treat  of  the  early  explorations.  Charlevoix 
was  familiar  with  tlie  country  traversed  by  Marciuette  and  La  Salle,  having,  in  1721, 
followed  the  lattcr's  route  to  the  Mississippi.  Shea  published  at  New  York,  m 
1866-67,  an  English  translation  of  this  work,  and  in  the  notes  which  he  added,  em- 
bodied the  results  of  his  extensive  studies  upon  the  early  history  of  America,  show- 
ing the  latest  knowledge  possessed  of  the  first  travellers. 

°  In  1844  Sparks  issued  his  "  Life  of  La  Salle,"  for  the  materials  of  which  he  de- 
pended upon  the  printed  narratives  of  Hennepin,  Joutel,  Tonty,  and  the  recitals  in 
Le  Clcrcq's  "Premier  Etablissement,"  etc.,  being  unable  to  obtain  any  of  the  MSS. 
which  are  now  accesbible.  Sparks'  "Life  of  Marquette"  appeared  in  1845,  'i"'l 
soon  after  Falconer's  work  "On  tlie  Discovery  of  the  Mississippi,"  which  contained 
translations  of  important  MSS.,  was  published  at  London. 

In   185?,  Shea's  valuable  "Discovery  and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi"  was 
brought  out  at   New  ^'oik.     The  contents  of  this  work  have  been    perhaps   suf- 
ficiently indicated  in  the  notices  of  contemporary  journals,  which  are  reproducedni 
it      In   i860  Thomassy  published  "Geologic  pratique  de  la  Louisiane,"  ni  which 
he  presented  some  important  ineditcd  documents.     This  writer  contemplated  writ- 
ing a  history  of  La  Salle's  exploits  from  the  MSS.  in  the  French  archives,  and,  as  a 
preliminary,  issued  in  separate  form  the  documents  which  he  had  collected,  under 
the  title,  "  De  La  Salle  et  ses  relations  inedites,"  Paris,  i860,     hi   1869  Paikman 
published  the  first  edition  of  his  "  Discovery  of  the  C.reat  West,"  forming  the  thud 
volume  of  the  series  of  historical  narratives  upon  "  France  and  England  in  North 
\merica."     In  the  latest  edition,  published  in   1879,  the  title  was  changed  to  "La 
Salle  and  the  Discovery  of  the  Great  West."     In  the  writing  of  the  later  edition  the 
author  had  the  use  of  additional  documentary  material,  since  printed  by  Margry, 
which  caused  a  revision  of  some  portion  of  the  work.    (Javier's  "  Decouvertes  [etc.] 
de  La  Salle,"  Paris,  1870,  and  the  supplementary  monograph  published  by  him  in 
,871,  add  little  -hat  is  not  in  Parkman's  work.     The  later  publication  corrects  some 
errors  and  deficiencies  in  the  first.     Dr.  Shea's  contributions  to  the  history  of  the 
first  explorations  of  the  West,  beside  his  "Discovery  of  the  Mississippi,"  New  York, 
,853,  consist  mainly  of  notes  to  the  many  important  original  narratives  which  he  has 
edited,  notably  those  of  Hennepin,  Le  Clercq,  and  Charlevoix. 


u 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 


The  following  works  contain  among  the  first  travellers,  accounts  of  the  country 
traversed  by  Marquette,  Hennepin,  and  I. a  Salle  : 

La  Hontan,  who  travelled  in  1689  and  subsequent  years,  wrote  "Nouveaux 
Voyages,"  Paris,  1703.  This  work  viassed  through  several  editions.  Although  ad- 
ventures related  by  I.a  Hontan  are  in  many  cases  imaginary,  yet,  says  Parkuian,  he 
"had  seen  nmch,  and  portions  of  his  story  have  a  substantial  value.'  J.  (iravier,  in 
1700,  went  from  the  Illinois  country  to  U'Iberville's  colony  in  Louisiana.  See 
"Relation  de  Voyage  en  1700  depuis  le  Ilinois  jus(iu'a  I'embouchure  du  Mississipi," 
New  Vork,  1859  {S/u-a's  Cnimoisy  Press).  The  "  Relation  de  i.t  Mi?-iissipi  en  i  700, 
par  MM.  de  Monligny,  De  St.  Cosme  et  Thaumur  de  la  Source,"  New  Vork,  1861, 
(S/ua's  Oamoisy  Press),  narrates  the  experiences  of  a  party  of  the  missionaries  un- 
der the  guidance  of  Tonty.  An  extract  from  (Iravier  is  given  in  French's  Historical 
Collections,  second  s.-ries,  iip.  79-93-  St.  Cosme's  and  C.ravier's  na-ratives  are  also 
included  in  Shea's  collection  of  "Early  Voyages  up  and  down  the  Mississippi,"  Al- 
ban)-,  1861,  where  also  may  be  found  Le  Seuer's  journal  of  a  voyage  from  Louisiana 
to  tiie  Sioux  country  in  1699-1700.  An  extract  from  Le  Seuer  is  given  in  La  Har- 
pe's  "Journal  Historique."  Paris,  183 1,  and  in  French's  Historical  Collections,  i)t.  3. 
A  journal  by  Penicaut,  who  accompanied  Le  Seuer,  is  included  in  his  "Annals  of 
Louisiana,  from  1698  to  1722,"  in  French's  Historical  Collections,  new  series,  pp. 
33-162,  New  Vork,  1869.  The  memoirs  of  D'lberville's  expedition  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, in  1699-1700,  contain  descriptions  of  the  lower  Mississippi  and  throw  light 
upon  La  Salle's  movements  in  that  region.  The  principal  documents  concerning 
D'lberville's  enterprises  are  printed  in  the  fourth  volume  of  Margry.  A  brief  report 
by  D'Jberville  of  his  voyage  on  the  Mississippi  in  1699,  is  printed  in  French's  His- 
torical Collection,  second  series,  pp.  19-31-  -\ii  anonymous  narrative  entitled, 
"Historical  Journal;  or.  Narrative  of  the  Kxi)edition  under  D'Iberville,  to  explore 
the  Colbert  (Mississippi)  River,  1698-99,"  is  published  in  French's  Historical 
Collection,  second  series,  pp.  29-119.  Both  of  these  papers  a,e  included  in  Mar- 
gry's  collection,  volume  iv.  Sauvole  was  a  member  of  D'lberville's  company; 
see  his  "Journal  Historique"  in  French's  Historical  Collections,  i)t.  3,  pp.  223- 
240. 

Father  Maresl's  letter  on  his  mission  at  the  Illinois,  dated  171 2,  published  in 
die  "  Lettres  edifiantes,"  vol.  ii.,  and  reprinted  in  Kip's  "  Early  Jesuit  Missions," 
pp.  191-227,  New  Vork,  1S46,  describes  the  scenes  of  his  labors. 

In  1721,  Charlevoix,  the  historian,  made  a  journey  from  Canada  across  the 
lakes  to  the  Illinois,  and  thence  down  the  Mississipi)i  to  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico.  He 
was  requested  by  the  King  of  France,  to  write  an  account  of  his  travels.  The 
descriptions  of  the  country  published  in  vol.  iii.  of  his  "  Histoire  et  Description  gen6- 
rale  de  la  Xouvelle  France,"  Paris,  1744,  afford  perhaps  the  best  views  of  the  primi- 
tive West  which  we  have. 

The  English  editions  of  his  travels  are  entitled  "  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to 
North  America,"   London,    1761,  and  "Letters  to  the  Duchess  of  Lesdiguieres," 


i 


DISCOVERY   OF  TIIK   MISSISSIPPI 


15 


London,  176,^  See  also  I'rencli's  Historical  Collection,  pt.  3,  \>[>.  1 19-196,  where 
his  journal  is  reprinted  from  the  F.nglish  editions. 

On  reaching  the  subject  of  Ma/s,  we  lind  that  Harrisse's  Notes  sur  la  Xouvelle 
France  conta'  a  section  upon  the  "  Cartographic  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  depuis  la 
decouverte  jusqu'cn  1700,"  which  atfords  an  extensive  list  of  published  and  inedited 
maps. 

Tarknian  gives  a  descriptive  account  of  "  Early  unpublished  maps  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi  and  the  great  lakes,"  in  the  appendix  to  his  "  Discovery  of  the  Creat  West." 
Thomassy's  (Jeol.  pr.  de  la  I,oui^iane,"  has  an  appendix  upon  the  "  Cartographie 
de  la  ancienne  I.ouisiane,  iS44-i85cS."  Baldwin's  "Early  niai)s  of  Ohio  and  tiie 
West,"  t:ieveland,  1875,  and  I'eefs  article,  "  The  discovery  of  the  Ohio,  Early  maps," 
in  .\iner.  Anliquarian.vol.  i.,  pi).  2-i-;5.  Cleveland,  1878,  are  useful  studies  of  some 
early  mapi.iii  the  possession  of  Western  historical  socielie-.  Ihirlbut's  "Chicago 
Antiquities,"  Chicago,  1881,  contains  a  chapter  ui)on  the  hrst  nuqis  rei>resenting  that 

place. 

The  following  printed  works  contain  some  of  the  more  important  edited  nia]!?, 
bearing  dale  in  the  original  previous  to  1700:  Champlain's  "\oyages,"  Pans, 
1632,  is  accompanied  by  a  map  upon  which  Eake  Superior  is  shown,  ;..nd  a  "grande 
riviere  qui  vient  du  niidy"  is  re|)resented  as  (lowing  into  the  lake  from  the  south. 
This  map,  which  is  reproduced  in  the  later  editions  of  Ciiamplain,  is  of  little  value 
in  a  geographical  sense  for  the  western  country.  .\  map  of  "Xouvelle  France," 
showing  tin;  great  lakes,  is  in  Sanson  d'Abbevillc's  "  L'Amerique  en  jjlusieurs 
cartes,"  i'aris,  1656.  Du  Creux's  "  Histrria  Canadensis,"  Parisiis,  1664,  contains 
a  map  dated  1660,  which  shows  the  outlines  of  the  great  lakes.  Hressani's  "  Relation 
abu'gee  de  (piehiues  missions  dans  la  Nouvelle  France,"  Montreal,  1852,  contains  a 
reproduction.  DolHer  and  Galinee's  map  of  1670,  showing  their  course  in  travelling 
to  Ste  Marie,  is  repioduced  in  FaiUon's  Histoire  de  la  col.  fr.,  vol  iii.,  p.  305  (see 
Farkman's  La  Salle,  p.  449,  for  description);  Claude  Dablon's  "  Relation  de  la 
Nouvelle  France,  1670-167:,  Paris,  167:!,  contains  a  map  made  about  1670  (see 
Parkman,  p.  450) ;  a  reproduction  is  published  in  Foster  and  Whitney's  "  Report  on 
the  tieology  of  Lake  Superior,"  Washington,  1850  ;  Marquette's  map  of  1674  ac- 
companies the  various  editions  of  his  narrative.  The  map  in  Thevenot's  "  Recueil" 
is  by  Liebaux,  and  not  by  Marquette.  C.ravier's  "  Etude  sur  une  carte  inconnue" 
contains  a /(/r-.f/w/76' of  a  map  by  Joliet,  probably  in  1674.  A  facsimile  oi  the 
map,  primed  for  Thk  Magazine  at  Rouen,  under  the  superintendence  of  M. 
Gravier,  is  given  with  the  present  publication.  '1  his  map  is  the  first  pub- 
lished map  showing  the  great  lakes  in  connection  with  the  .Mississippi. 

Sliea's  edition  of  Dablon's  "Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  1673  it  1679,''  New 
York,  i860,  has  a  reproduction  of  a  map  made  by  the  Jesuits  in  1673.  showing  the 
missions  upon  Lake  Michigan.  Hennepin's  <' Descrii)lion  de  la  Louisiane,"  Pans, 
1683,  contains  a  mai)  made  upon  data  by  Hennepin.  The  later  editions  of  this 
work  are  also  accompanied  by  a   map.      Parkman  gives  a  reproduction  of  the 


^ 


Id 


])IS(()Vi;kv  ()1-  tiik  Mississippi 


nouioncf  I-.an<|c,>lin's  (.vmm.  n.ai.,  «hi<h  slmws  I.n  Salle's  colony  on  the  Illinois, 
and  ll.at  i-ortion  showing  the  lower  part  of  tlu-  MisMssii.].!  is  rq.roducod  n.  'liiom- 
assy's'-Ocologio  do  la  I.ouislane."  A  n.ap  made  l.y  Mnut,  the  engnieer  of  I.a 
Salle's  last  expedition,  which  gives  two  separate  views  (,f  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sipi.i,  is  given  in  a  reduced  size  in  (Iraviers  "  I.a  Salle,"  and  m  Thoniassy's  "  Cleo- 
logie  de  la  l.ouisiane."  I.e  Clen  q's  "  Premier  elahlissenient  de  la  foy,''  I'aris,  1691  ; 
Hennepin's  "  Nouvelle  deconverle,'  and  "  Nouveau  Voyage;"  J.a  Honlan's 
"Nduveaux  Voyages  dans  I'Anieiiiiue,"  I.a  llaye,  1703;  Coxe's  "  Description  of 
Carolana,"  London,  1742,  and  Charlevoix's  "  llistoirc  de  la  N'ouvelle  France,"  I'aris, 
lyit,  are  accompanied  liy  maps  made  nearly  cunlempoianeously  with  the  publica- 
tion of  the  works  in  iii"-'^li'>i'-  -^ /'ic-simih-  Do  I.isle's  map  of  1700,  which  indi- 
cates the  course  of  the  early  explorers,  is  in  Clavier's  "I.a  Salle"  'Uid  in  French's 
Collections,  i)t.  2.  A  map  by  Joulel,  dated  1713,  accompanies  the  printed  editioi.s 
of  his  journal  (see  sketch  —  page  10).  Margry's  "  Hecouvertcs  et  (jtablissements 
des  I'laneais,''  when  completed,  will  include  a  volume  devoted  to  maps  now  ineditcd. 
'I'lie  ihird  volume  of  this  collection  contains  an  outline  sketch,  representing  I.a  Salle's 
dicoveries.  A  niodern  map,  representing  countries  traversed  by  Alaniuette,  Henne- 
pi..,  and  I.a  Salle,  is  given  in  I'arkman's  "I.a  Salle." 

We  next  give  a  list  of  publications  which  treat  of  the  explorations  of  the  Mississippi 
valley,  arranged  in  chronological  order.  Works  which  have  been  cited  under  dirter- 
cnt  headings  of  this  article  are,  in  most  cases,  not  included  in  this  enumeration. 

I, a  I  Ionian,  "  Nouveaux  voyages  dans  rAmericpie  Septentrionale,"  Paris,  1703. 
This  work  passed  through  several  editions,  liaccpieville  de  la  Potlierie,  "  Histoire 
de  I'Auiericiue  Septentrionale,"  I'aris,  1722.  I'.ditions  were  also  published  in  1723 
and  1753.  lias  some  account  of  I.a  Salle's  travels  in  16S2.  liarcia,  "  Ensayo 
croiiologico  i)ara  la  Hisloria  (leneral  de  Florida,"  Madiid,  1723.  The  author 
relied  upon  the  memoirs  of  Martpiette,  Joutel,  and  Tonty  for  tlie  portion  of  his  work 
relating  to  the  French  explorations.  I.afr.au,  "  Mteurs  des  Salvages  Aineriquains," 
I'aris,  1724.  Coxe,  "  Description  of  the  F.nglish  province  of  Carolana,  by  the  Span- 
iards called  I'lorida;  by  the  French,  I.a  l.ouisiane,"  London,  1742.  The  inithor 
disparages  the  l'"rench  discoveries,  and  urgc-s  the  I'.nglish  right  to  the  country. 
Dumoni,  •' .Memoire  sur  la  l.ouisiane,  contenant  ce  cpii  yestariivede  jilus  remar- 
ipiabledepuis  i()S7  jusi|u'a  present,"  I'aris,  1753,  2  vols,  liellin,  "  Remarijues  sur  la 
carte  de  I'.Ameriiiue  Sepienlrionale,  comprise  entre  le  jSe  et  le  720  dcgre  ile  latitude,'' 
I'aris,  1 755,  gives  some  acco'uU  of  I.a  Salle's  establishments.  Le  Page  du  Pratz, 
"  llisloire  de  la  l.ouisiane,"  Paris,  175S.  3  vols.;  I'.nglish  translations  were  published 
in  i7(>3  and  1774.  Cayarie,  "  F.ssai  hisloriiiue  sur  la  Lonisiane,'  N'ouvelle  Orleans, 
183c,  2  vols.;  La  Harpe,  ''Journal  historique  de  letablissement  des  Fran(,-ais  a  la 
l.ouisiane,"  Paris,  1S31.  This  work  is  reproduced  in  I'rench's  HisU)rical  Collections, 
vol.  iii.  Couovor,  "Oration  on  the  History  of  the  First  Discovery  and  Settlement  of 
the  New  World,  with  especial  reference  to  the  Mississippi  X'alley,"  Cincinnati, 
1835,    Perkins,  "  l'.,uly  I'rench  Travellers  in  the  West,"  in  Aoi  t/'i  Aiiuricari  Jit':  tew, 


Discovr.KV  OK  Tin:  mississ'tti 


17 


vol.  xlviii.,  pp.  r.,5-ioS.     A  rcvifW  of  Spark's  "  l.a  Salk-  "  ami  "  Marquette.    Clt, 
"Tlic  Devil's  Hole,  with  an  accouiU  of  a  visit  made  to  it  by  l.a  Salle,"  I.ockport, 
N.  v.,  44  pp.,  the  third  edition  appeared  in  1851.     (Jayane,  "  llistoire  do  la  l.oui- 
siane."    \<nivelle-(  )i leans,    icS46-47-     duerin,    "  I.es  navigatenrs    Kranvais,"    IMns, 
18  t6.     r.r.ullord,  "  Notes  on  the  Northwest,"  New  York,  1846.     Kip,  "  Karly  Jesuit 
Missions  in  North  America,"  New  York,  1846,  contains  letters  by  missionaries  givmg 
descriptions  of  the  newly  discovered  country.     Monette,  "  I  listory  of  the  Discovery 
and  Settlement  of  the  Afississipi-i,"  New  York,  1846.     Cayarie,  "  Romance  of  the 
History  of  Louisiana,"  New   York,  1848.      Foster  and  Whitney.    "  Rei-ort  on  the 
(leolo.ry  and  Topograiihy  of  a  I'ortion  of  the   Lake  Superior  Lan-.  District,  W  asli. 
ington,  1850-51,  2  vols.,  conlains  an  account  of  the   fust   Jesuit  missions  on  Lake 
Superior.  "(Jayarie,  "  Louisiana  :  its  Colonial  History,"  New  York,  185 1,  and  "Louisi- 
ana and  its  Historv  as  a  Lrench  Colony,"  New  York,  1852.     Hart,  "  History  of  the 
Discovery  of  the  \'aliey  of  the  Mississippi,"  St.  Louis,  1852  ;  History  of  tlie  \  alley  of 
the   Mississippi,"  New  York,  1853-     Cayarre,  "  History  of   Louisiana,"   N^w  \^''k, 
i8^4      W    R   Smith,  "History  of  Wisconsin,"    Madison,  1854;   only  volumes  one 
and  three  were  published  of  this  valuable  work  ;  volume  three  contains  translations  of 
the  Jesuit  relations,  which  describe  the  operations  of  the   Jesuits  in  Wisconsin  tern- 
torv      Sh.^i,  "History  of  the   Catholic   Missions  among  the    Indian   'l  ribes  of  tlie 
Uniied  States,  ,529-.854."  N-v  York,  .S55.     H-  D-  N^'i".  '-N'a.'-'.ials  for  the  future 
History  of  Minnesota,"  St.  Paul,  iS^6,  also  in  the  "  Annals  of  Minnesota,     1S56,  an<l 
reprinted  in  Minnesota  Historical  Society  Collection,  vol.  i.    Law,  "Jesuit  Missions  in 
the  Northwest,"  in  tlie  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Collections,  vol.  111.,  pp.  89-111. 
,  18-121,  .Madison,  i8s7.     'I'l"-'  author  of  this  article  makes  the  erroneous  statement 
that  missionaries  had  reached  the  .Mi^sissii.pi  several  years  before  Marquette  s  visit 
Shea  disproves  this  in  an  article  entitled  "  Justice  to  Mar.ptette,"  in  pp.  in-117  of 
the  same  volume  of  the  Wisconsin  collections.     Shea,  "  Indian  Tribes  of  W  iscon- 
sin  "in   the  Wisconsin   Historical  Society  Collections,  vol.  111.,  pi).  125-128.     K-i- 
lan'd,  "Coursd'Iiistoiredu  Canada,  .  5,54-' 7S9."  Quebec,  .859.    This  author  is  hi.^hly 
esteemed  as  an   historical  writer.    Shea,  "  Karly  Voyages  Up  and  Down  the  Missis- 
sinni  "  Mlnmy-  1861.     l-erland,  "  Notes  stir  les  registres  de  Notre  Dame  de  (,)uebec, 
Queliec,  .865.     Neill,  "Early  French    Forts  and   Footprints  in  the  \  alley  of  the 
Upper    Mississippi,"   in  Minnesota  Historical  Society  Collections,  .864,  pp.   9--^o- 
Fullon,  "  llistoire  de  la  Colonic  fran<;aise  en  Cau.ada,"  Villemarie  [Montreal]    .8.5. 
,  V  )ls  •  this  work  comes  down  onlv  to  167.,  but  is  of  value  f..r  period  covered. 

French,  "  l!iogra,.hical  Sketch  of  La  Salle,"  in  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana, 
new  series,  pp.  4-7,  New  York,  .869.  Ciallaud,  "  Mississip,,i  :  a  UneM.istory  <,^  us 
Di-coverv,  u>  "Annals  of  Iowa,"  vol.  vii.,  pp.  r94-20.,  Davenport,  .,s,9.  Nan 
Fleet,  "Old  and  New  Mackinac;  with  copious  extracts  from  .Marquette  Hennepin, 
La  Hontan,  and  others,"  Ann  Arbor,  ,870  ;  r.rodhea<l  "History  of  ^«-  \;"-^' 
New  York  187.  ;  the  author  gives  brielly  the  latest  knowledge  u,.on  the  tu^t  ex- 
plorations.    The  Kcrue  Maritime  et  Colonialc,  I'aris,  1872,  contains  cotUrovers.al 


l8 


niscovr.RV  oi'  riii:  Mississippi 


articles  by  Harrissc  and  Maigry,  both  wiili  the  title  "  liistoiie  criliiiiie  ile  la  drcoii- 
vcrtc  (hi  iMis.MsMii|ii.''  llanisse,  "Ndtes  pom  servir  a  I'llistoirc  [eli.  ]  tie  la  Noiiviih' 
l-'rance,  iii4S-7-i"  i'.m>,  iS;^.  In  addition  to  the  bibliographical  matter  in  this 
work  there  is  a  brief  historical  suinmury  ol  the  early  explorations.  Neill,  "  Krelich 
Voyageiirs  to  Miiniesota,"  in  the  Annals  of  Minnesota,  1.S50,  pp.  io-j8,  reprinted  m 
Miiniesota  Mistoiical  Society  Collections,  \ol.  i.,  pp.  17-,;!).  Dmrie,  "  Karly  Out- 
posts of  Wiseonsin,"  Madison,  1873,  contains  notices  of  the  visits  of  I'errot,  .Alloiie/, 
iMar(|iiette,  ami  others.  ''  Laval  iiniversite,  (Jiiebec,  sooe  aninversaire  de  la  decoii- 
verte  dii  Missis^ipi  jiar  Joliet  et  le  1'.  Maninette,  Soiree  litleraire  ct  imisicale,  17 
liiin,  1S73,"  (^>iiebec,  iiS7j,  54  pp.,  contains  a  discourse  by  the  Abbe  Verrean.  Parry. 
"Historical  Address  on  the  Early  Kxploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  1  )aven- 
jjort,  Iowa,  1873,  36  i)p.  Salter,  •'  .Adtlress  coinnieinorative  of  the  :;ooth  Anniversary 
of  the  Discovery  of  Iowa  by  .\lar(inette  and  Joliet,"  in  the  *'  Annals  of  Iowa,"  vol.  ii., 
jip.  SOI -5 15.  Shea,  "  .\ddress  on  Discovery  of  the  Mississippi,  read  on  the  bicenten- 
nial of  said  Discovery,  June  17,  187,;,"  piibhshed  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Society 
Collection.!,  vol.  vii.,  pp.  111-122.  Marshall.  "'The  I'irst  \isit  of  I-a  Salle  to  the 
Senecas  in  i ()')(),"  riufl'aUi,  1S7.1,  45  pp.  liaUlwin,  "  I'.arlv  niai)s  of  Ohio  and  the 
West,"  Cleveland,  1875,  25  pp.;  this  forms  one  of  the  Western  Reserve  Hi^tolical 
Society  tract...  French,  "  l!io-rai)hical  .-^ketch  of  1,.  Joliet,"  in  his  Historical  Collec- 
tions, second  serii.'s,  pp.   139,  140. 

"Memoir  sei.  by  the  King  to  M,  Denonville,  explanatory  of  the  iMcncli  I'osses- 
sions  in  Xorth  America,"  in  JMench's  Historical  Collections,  second  seiies,  \t\>.  123- 
142.  This  docunient  brielly  recapitulates  the  I'rench  discoveries.  Baldwin,  "Mar- 
gry  Tapers,  vol.  ii.,"  in  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society  tracts.  United  States 
.Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  ICngineers,  Washington,  1876.  Vohinie  iii.  of  this 
report  contains  an  extract  from  Mar(|uette's  journal,  and  a  reduced  reproduction  of 
his  map.  Cravier,  "  La  route  du  Mississipi,"  in  the  coinpterendu  of  the  second  ses- 
sion of  the  Congres  des  .Anieiicanistes,  1S77,  vol.  i.,  pi).  237-,?i2.  Whittlesey,  "  Dis- 
covery of  the  Ohio  River  by  La  Salle, '  1669-70,  one  of  the  Western  Reserve  His- 
torical Society  tracts 

llurlbut,  "  I''aiher  Mar(iiiette  at  Mackinaw  and  Chicago,"  Chicago,  187S.  Jacker, 
"La  Salle  and  the  Jesuits, '  in  Amoican  Catholic  Qiiarlerly  A'fi'it-Tc,  \o\.  iii.,  pp. 
404-426,  Philadelphia,  1878.  Peet,  ''Discovery  of  the  Ohio,"  ill  AiiUTi<-ijii  Anli- 
t/itiirian.  vol.  i.,  pp.  21-3".  Siiea,  "  .Addri'ss  bt.'fore  the  Missouri  Historical  St)ciety 
at  the  crlebration  of  the  250111  anniversary  of  .Maripiette's  \'oyage,  July  20,  1S7S; 
sdiiw.  '■  Romance  and  Realiiv  of  the  Death  of  Mari]uette,  and  the  recent  Discovery 
of  his  Remains,"  m  Ciilkulic  ll'cr/J,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  267-2S1. 


C.  C.  Ihldv 


■  Indian  Migration  in  Ohio,"  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society 


tract  No.  47;  also  in  Ami-ricint  A'i/ii/ii,iri,tii,  .April,  1879.  M.  I''.  Force,  "Some 
Early  Notices  of  the  Indians  of  Ohio,"  Cincinnati,  1.S79.  .Margry,  "Was  La  Salle 
the  Discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  ?"  in  Ai/iirirdi/  .■hilii/iKiricrii.  vol.  ii.,  ]ip.  206-209, 
Chicago,  1879-Si.     O.  Ii.  .Marshall,  "liuildiiig  and  Voyage  of  the  GrilVon  in  1679," 


DISCOVlikY    OK   Till-:    MISSISSIIM'I 


19 


liiiffalo,  1879.  lilancluinl,  "  Discovery  and  Coii.iucsts  of  the  Northwest,"  Cliicago, 
1880  ;  nwcA  ii  biii'f  ai:c()iiiit  of  Johcl '^  and  l.a  Salle's  voyagi-s. 

liiiickcr,  "J.  Maniiiettc  i-t  la  (lOcouvfrtu  dc  la  vallOi:  chi  Mississipi,"  Lyon,  iSSo. 
'riioulc't  "  Cavflicr  di:  l,.!  Salic  ct  la  dctoiivcitc  dii  Mississipi,  d'apii's  I'mivrayc  do 
M.  Maigry,"  in  Hiillciin  dc  la  Sociitc  dc  la  Cicograpliic,  Oc  scric,  tonic  x\.,  pp.  435- 
454.  5,54-55''.  I'aris,  iH«o.  I  lurlhiii's  "Chicago  Anii(piitics,"  Ciiicago,  18S1,  con- 
tains translations  from  the  journals  of  Maripicttc,  Hennepin,  l.a  Salic,  and  of  other 
travellers,  which  relate  the  incidents  of  visits  made  to  the  site  of  the  present  city, 
Ncill,  "Minnesota  l'',x|ilorers  and  I'ionecrs  from  1659  to  i<S.sS,"  Minneapolis,  iSSi. 
J.  I'i.ikc,  "  Romance  of  the  .Spanish  and  l-'rcnch  l')xplorers,"  in  Jlarf'cr-' s  Miii^ttzinc, 
l-'ebniary,  1882.  i\  rticle  hy  the  editor  in 'I'iik  Macazink  hi  .\mi  ku.vn  lli,-,ri)kv, 
.M.irch,  18S2,  (ir.ivier's  "Sketch  of  l.a  Salle,"  in  same  nn^.i/ine.  May,  |8S.'. 
Ihnlbnt,  "Review  of  (iravier's  .\rti(  le,"  in  s.imc  for  St'ptemher,  1882.  lliiiler, 
"  l''irst  I'lench  loot-piints  beyond  the  Lakes"  |.\ladison,  |S8.'|.  closes  the  list  of  the 
writiniis  iij)  to  the  present  time.  It  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  include  general 
histories  of  the  I'nited  States,  such  as  r>,in(rofl's  antl  llildreth's,  and  others. 

liiiiMiicKAi'iiY. — 'I'he  principal  bibliographii  al  works  used  in  the  compilation  of 
this  note  are  IJoimare's  "  .Votes  bibliographiipies  et  r.iisonnees  sur  les  princip.ui.x 
onvrages  publics  sur  la  I'loride  et  rancieiine  l.ouisiane"  [Paris,  1855];  I'aribauh's 
"  Catalogue  d'ouvrages  sur  I'histoire  de  LAineriipie,"  (Quebec,  1837  ;  "  I'leld's  Ks.iay 
toward  an  Indian  llibliography,"  New  \'ork,  1875.  and  Ilarrisses  ".Notes  pour 
servir  a  I'hisloire,  a  la  bibliographic  |etc.]  de  la  Nouvelle  I'rance,"  Paris,  1872. 
O'Callaghan's  "Jesuit  Relations  of  Discoveries  m  Canada,  1632-1672,'  New  York, 
1847,  has  been  used  for  the  titles  of  the  Jesuit  reports. 

The  references  in  I'arkman's  "i,a  Salle  "  have  indicated  many  authorities,  and 
the  author's  characterizations  have  been  helpful.  (Iravier's  '•  l.a  Salle,"  I'aris,  1871, 
contains  a  list  of  eighty-nine  articles  upon  l.a  Salle.  The  compiler  of  this  article 
was  unable  to  examine  a  copy  until  after  completion  of  the  list.  The  essential  wijrks 
in  it  were  found  to  have  been  noted.  Sabiii's  "  ISibliograiJhy "  is  indispensable  in 
verir\  ing  titles. 


NOTE 

Tiir.  im.lKT  M,\l'— Tlie  Juliet  map  of  iC)74,  whicli  ;xccoin|miiics  llie  nilklL'  liy  Mr.  (liilTin,  i^  of 
special  v.ilin.',  as  he  li.is  imlK-alecl,  f,ir  the  reav)ri  th.it  it  i-.  the  earliest  map  lepreseiitinj,'  the  .\li-^is- 
si|ipi  ill  eiinnecliuii  with  the  ^reat  lakes.  It  is  not,  however,  the  lir-t  to  ilistiiij;iiis|i  l.aUe  Miihii::!!! 
,i>  a  sej>aiate  l)ui!y  of  wa'er.  .is  the  Saiis,iii.  I  iii  Creux,  as  \\ ell  as  the  Jesuit  map  of  1072,  show  s  this 
fat,  |)ii  Creiix's  map  shows  lu-tter  llie  relative  position  of  the  .^leat  lakes;  ( 'laliiu-e'^  map  j;ives  the 
northern  shores  of  Lakes  lliiron  anil  Ontario  with  jjreater  e\ai  titude,  aii'l  the  Jesuit  map  of  1672 
evielsas  re^anls  aceiiralo  represenlalimi  of  the  j,'eoj,'rapliy  of  Lakes  Huron,  .\Iiehi;_;an,  anil  .Superior. 
Tliis  latter  map  is,  perhaps,  misnrpasse  1  as  fir  as  i  om-erns  ilio-e  plaies  liy  any  piilih^heil  map  lielore 
17.X),  Kraniiuelin's  map  of  iiiS^,  whiili  is  nnediteil,  sliows  the  course  of  the  .Mississippi  with  sumc 
i!e,rce  of  an'iiraey. 

0,1  the  Juliet  map  the  \li-sissi|,],i  is  called  the  ltuada|s"e  TiiK  .M  \r.  \/.lsi-.,  VI It.  i;fi,  2i(A.  This 
mapiloes  not  show  the  Mis-i-sippi  valley  water  s\>lem  so  well  as  the  map  foiuul  in  Matin's  "  llistoire 
I'liiver-elle.''  Kill.  Jonlel's  map  (pii.Lje  20)  tails  esseni'ally.  while  the  map  of  itiu  shows  tlie  .Ma- 
liama  in  its  relation  ti.  the  .Mi-sis, ippi  in  a  way  that  proves  the  hydrography  of  tlie  reijion  to  have 
keen  known.  It  rc^emliles  that  ol^  the  hist  I  lovernment  survey.  The  Jolict  ma|i  does  not  show  tlie 
course  of  the  Ohio,  ln:t  only  a  portion  near  its  mouth,  indicating;  thai  Jolict  did  .lot  helievo  that    l.a 


fO 


DISCOVEUY  OK  Tin:  Mississim 


Sillo  ilcveiiileil  tlic  Olii.i.  Tliis  view  is  siip|ioilci|  l)y  a  tn.ip  wliiili  wi-  Iiavo  rcrently  in^prri'd  in  ttie 
tnlliMliuii  iif  Mr.  S,  I„  M.  Il.ulmv,  'i'liis  <i/<,';;in  In  Ik'  llic  iiri(;in.il  Jnlii't  iii.ip.  It  is  a  lai(;f  map, 
Iwt'iily-M'M'ii  liy  fiuly  iiulus  ami  li.is  tliu  iImi"  liiili'ii  liluc.  'I'lir  inniitli  nl  the  ( >liii>  i>  iixliiatnl  liy 
a  liliitf  opuiiiii^,  mill  lilt'  river  ItM'H  is  ilrawii  uilli  a  pen  liy  nil  uii-'kiiriil  h.iii>l,  cxlnidin^'  il  mniss  n 
ciilnreil  -liile  <il  mile-  iiitu  hii.U  rcpriMMit-  llie  prcM'iil  rf^;inii  uf  «i'-icni  Nrw  N  'iiU.  |li.  Julin  (iil- 
ni.iiy  Slii'.i  .iii>l  lii'iicT.il  Jiiliii  S.  ('ink,  >j|  Aiiliiini,  mrmm  ii-  tli.il  llit'V  Imlil  this  to  l>c  tlic  ciri^mal  Jci- 
liet  map,  aii'l.  riiriliiT,  that  il  >lispii<i".  ol  the  I'litiiin  lia-ol  upon  >.>//i.i  of  the  map,  ii-cl  to  ili'iiion. 
strati'  that  l.a  Salle  ili'-ceiMled  the  (  lino  ( liie  ol  these  copie-  i-.  In  ihe  posses-i.ni  of  Mr,  Harlow,  liiit 
it  iloe'  mil  show  the  (  Hiio  propeily  ns  an  ii,iii'ili,<ii  liy  a  later  liaml,  liiit  makes  the  river  appear,  faUely, 
like  a  part  of  Joliel's  orit,'m,il  skeli  h.  The  map  w  Inth  we  lay  lieforc  the  reader  is  very  valiialile,  ni'ul 
iiiipp<irls  the  view  hased  upon  Mr.  Harlow'-,  map,  vvhli  li,  like  all  Ins  inalerial,  he  i-  ever  ready,  most 
comleoiisly,  to  plaee  nl  ihe  u-e  of  m  holars.  Mr.  llailow  has  aiiollier  larije  and  lieaiitlfiil  innp  of 
alioiii  the  same  dale,  wliii  h  shows,  liy  piitiinj,'  the  Hay  of  the  llolv  Spirit  nl  the  inoiilli  of  the  "  Hu. 
adn,"  lii.U  the  Krciic'i  reeoyni/cd  tlie  Spanish  Kiver  of  tlic  Holy  Spirit  as  the  Mis.-is-ippi. 

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